Access credentials are the verifiable pieces of information used to authenticate and authorize users, systems, or devices attempting to access protected digital resources. These credentials serve as proof of identity within Identity & Access Management (IAM) frameworks and determine what level of access an entity is permitted to have. Common examples include usernames and passwords, cryptographic keys, digital certificates, multi-factor authentication tokens, and biometric identifiers such as fingerprints or facial recognition.

The proper management and protection of access credentials is essential for maintaining organizational security. When credentials are compromised, attackers can gain unauthorized access to sensitive data, applications, and critical infrastructure. Organizations must implement strong credential policies, including regular rotation, secure storage, and monitoring for suspicious activity. Effective credential management helps uphold the core security principles of confidentiality, integrity, and availability while ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements.