Adaptive authentication is a sophisticated cybersecurity mechanism within Identity & Access Management (IAM) that dynamically adjusts authentication requirements based on real-time risk assessment. Unlike static methods that apply the same verification steps regardless of context, adaptive authentication continuously evaluates contextual factors during each access attempt, including user location, device reputation, network characteristics, time of day, resource sensitivity, and historical behavioral patterns.

By intelligently assessing the potential risk of each access request, the system determines the appropriate level of verification needed. Low-risk scenarios may allow seamless access, while elevated risk conditions—such as unfamiliar devices or unusual login locations—automatically trigger additional security measures like multi-factor authentication (MFA) or biometric checks. In highly suspicious scenarios, access may be blocked entirely. This risk-based approach strengthens organizational security while optimizing user experience by minimizing unnecessary friction for legitimate users.