Attribute-based access control (ABAC) is a dynamic security model that determines access permissions by evaluating multiple attributes rather than relying on static roles. These attributes encompass characteristics of the user (such as department, clearance level, or job function), the resource being accessed (sensitivity classification, owner, or type), the requested action (read, write, delete), and environmental conditions (time of day, location, or device security posture). Access decisions are made in real-time by assessing these attributes against predefined security policies, enabling highly granular and context-aware authorization.

As a cornerstone of modern Identity & Access Management frameworks, ABAC provides organizations with the flexibility needed to enforce the principle of least privilege across complex IT environments. Unlike traditional role-based models, ABAC scales efficiently in cloud and hybrid infrastructures where access requirements frequently change. By dynamically adapting to contextual factors, ABAC strengthens data protection, simplifies compliance with regulatory requirements, and delivers a more resilient security posture capable of responding to evolving threats.