System of systems
A 'System of Systems' is a network of independent, heterogeneous systems integrated to solve large-scale problems, without a common management structure. Common in complex domains like defense and aerospace.
System of Systems refers to an architectural framework that encompasses multiple, independent, heterogeneous, and distributed systems which are networked together across various levels and domains. These systems collaborate to address complex and large-scale interdisciplinary challenges and objectives. Despite their interconnected nature, these systems typically do not operate under a unified management structure, allowing each component system to maintain its operational independence. This architecture is particularly prevalent in scenarios where large-scale integration and cooperation are necessary, such as in defense, aerospace, and smart city initiatives.
The complexity of a system of systems arises from the diverse nature of its constituent systems, which may include software, hardware, and human elements, each with its own specific functions and goals. The interactions within a system of systems often require sophisticated coordination and communication mechanisms to ensure that the collective system functions effectively. This decentralized approach can lead to challenges in terms of integration, interoperability, and scalability, but it also offers flexibility and resilience as each system can be modified or replaced without disrupting the entire framework.